Though now extinct, ammonoids (a group of marine mollusks with shells) evolved for 350 million years, always with a tendency toward increasingly elaborate shell structures. Scientists have studied ...

Michael Rose does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their ...

As a mathematical concept, the fractal can be intimidating. Benoit Mandelbrot, the Polish-born mathematician who coined the term, defined a fractal as “a rough or fragmented geometric shape that can ...